'Escape from confinement’ refers to the movement of (potentially) invasive alien species from confinement (e.g. Examples include for biological control erosion control (and dune stabilisation) fishing or hunting in the wild landscape 'improvement' and the introduction of threatened organisms for conservation purposes. 'Release in nature' refers to the intentional introduction of live alien organisms for the purpose of human use in the natural environment. Recreational boating is also included under this pathway. The physical means of transport-stowaway include various conveyances, ballast water and sediments (short: T-S/BALLAST WATER), bio-fouling of ships, boats, offshore oil and gas platforms and other water vessels (short: T-S/HULL FOULING), dredging, angling or fishing equipment (short: T-S/OTHER). ![]() This pathway is further subdivided (in Figure 2 and Figure 3) into three sub-groups. 'Transport–Stowaway' refers to the moving of live organisms attached to shipping - transporting vessels and associated equipment and media. The principal pathways were identified under the CBD process (UNEP, 2014) as quoted below. The main pathways shown above, in which a NIS arrive, can be subdivided into the following categories: importation of a commodity arrival of a transport vector or spread from a neighbouring region. The identification and categorisation of pathways follows the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) classification as interpreted by the IUCN (2017).Ī hierarchical approach has been adopted to describe the pathways, based on the framework developed by Hulme et al. Archived Pathways of introduction of marine non-indigenous species to European seas This indicator describes the processes (pathways) that result in the transfer of alien species from one location to another.
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